From where vote right starts and get its origin, how it help in development of democracy.So,first of all in 1850 a "secret ballot method" was introduced.
In 1872 in U.k & U.S.A this method was adopted.
In 1853 in north Africa 's cap provinces black people got right of vote.In 1879 and 80 U.K entered in modern politics region.
In 1893 in New Zealand Women got the right of vote and got priority in this range.Secret belt system played a vital role in the trend of democracy.Before this system Victorian method or Australian method was commonly used.
But defect was that by these method it came into knowledge that who give vote for whom? who give vote to who specific candidates, And due to these democracy 's essence was demolished,
And sometime human can't use freely opinion due to fear and terror, relation ,or greedy.Now, I am going to tell you about universal suffrage It is also celled opinion rule.
According to it every adult has given the right of vote.
Sometime slave also able to get this right.It doesn't apply the rule of nation, sex, status or religious.
1792 for the 1st time in France it is accepted, after it in 1848 in Switzerland implementation on it started.
In 1893 this concept was implemented on women also.this concept influenced other countries also.Women get right of vote in France in 1945, In Italy 1946, Belgium in 1948, And  Switzerland in 1971.
Before these, modern democracy 's rules were only for wealthy people, and people who have some post or status.It means rights were specific only for minority.
Women were not included, And in some countries religious restricted also. It means rights were specific only for minority Women were not included, And in some countries religious restricted also.In 19th century movements of universal suffrage were started in same time period social democratic and liberal parties united people especially in south Europeans.
And slogans of universal freedom were raised also women's struggle implemented at that time.
Some countries were as vote right was given but cast or language were also restrictions
were added. But in cast sector for the first time great leader NELSEN MANDALA make struggle in that case.Historical world 's 1st country is new Zealand which accepted women right in that case.
But according to my search in 1755 this right was given to women in a CORCESSCA.
But was taken back in 1769.In AMERICA (IN NEWJARCE) it was accepted in 1776.
an interesting point is that before this only man was considered as human.In 1861 AUSTRALIA give voting right to women. after that allot of countries adopted it.
in 1893 women asked to use voting rights  some week before elections.
in 1894 not only voting right is accepted but women asked to take part in elections.In 1911
KAROLENA BATRAZZE ENGLEEOO Was first and sole women who got that right.
she was women 's right supporter.  In Turkish women got city counsel election rights And in 1934 women were given right to take part in elections. France, Italy and Switzerland gave this right already in 1930.
CATHRINE HELEAN SENAPS Was Australia 's 1st woman who take part in parliament in 1897.
take care of yourself and people around you keep smiling Pakistan.
Written by Shah Dil Awan.

The 73-year-old actress, who played Vera Duck worth on 1974 and 2008 the soap between, was taken to hospital after complaining of chest pains on April 29, reports The Sun.
She was transferred to Wythenshawe Hospital from in Whitefield, Greater Manchester her apartment. Her husband Donal Ibbertson said that Dawn is recovering from the incident.
He told the publication: "Liz is in hospital. She's had a slight heart attack. She is alright."
Dawn left Coronation Street in 2008 after being diagnosed with the lung disease emphysema.
Her former Corrie stars have been sending their best wishes, including Sally Lindsay who played barmaid Shelley Unwin.
She said: "Liz is the funniest person I've worked with. She was brilliant in Corrie - we all love her and every cast member will be right behind her.
"She always came across as a battleaxe. But in truth, she is one of the warmest, kindest, most considerate people you could ever meet."
Lee Boardman, who played Corrie villain Jez Quigley, said: "I'm so sorry to hear about Liz. She's a wonderful woman and we all send our love."
Sue Nicholls, who plays Audrey Roberts, said: "She is a real trouper - she will get through this. She gets as much love and support as we can possibly give."

Comcast SportsNet Chicago reporter Susannah Collins, part of the broadcast team covering the Chicago Blackhawks, is no longer with the network as of Thursday night, after two days of internet attention over a flubbed sentence on live television led to revelations about previous, more controversial sports show appearances.

"Due to circumstances unrelated to her on-air remarks Tuesday night, Susannah Collins and Comcast SportsNet Chicago have parted ways," Phil Bedella, vice president and general manager of CSN Chicago said in a statement. "We appreciate everything Susannah has contributed to our network over the past year and wish her the best in her future endeavors." 
On Tuesday, Collins  inadvertently said that the Blackhawks had a "tremendous amount of sex during the regular season." The mistake went viral, landing everywhere from news web sites to the Tonight Show monologue, where it was highlighted Wednesday as the "Freudian Slip of the Day" by host Jay Leno.

Collins, who meant to say "success," immediately corrected herself.    

But the mistake put a spotlight on Collins, and that quickly refocused attention on a series of  raunchy YouTube videos uploaded between 2009 and 2010.  As co-host of Sports Nutz, Collins pushed the boundaries of sports journalism -- and good taste -- with sexually explicit reports and potentially offensive racial stereotypes.

Produced by Middlebrow Media, the 16-video series drifted more toward lowbrow humor, with Collins and her female co-host, Sam Raddock, delivering everything from rowdy man-on-the-street interviews to a dramatic reading of the sexual exploits of former NBA player Darryl Dawkins' from his autobiography "Chocolate Thunder."

The video series remains on YouTube, but has not enjoyed the viral success of her Blackhawks blooper, with most episodes averaging several thousand views each.
Collins, however, went on to bigger things, joining CSN Chicago as a full-time reporter in September 2012,  where she handled post-game reporting duties for the network's coverage of the Chicago Blackhawks, Bulls, Cubs and White Sox home games, among other duties.

A Downers Grove native and University of Illinois graduate, Collins previously worked as a reporter for Showtime Sports, the NFL Network and as a weekend sports anchor at WCBS-TV in New York, according to CSN's press release announcing her hiring.

The postman is a very popular govertment servant. He is always welcomed because he brings us letters, parcels and mon¬ey-orders from our friends
and relatives. Although he does not ways bring us good news or money yet we wait for his arrival very eagerly.He is dressed in a khaki uniform. It consistsl of a turban, a coat and a pair of pajamas. He wears a leather belt round his waist.

A leather bag containing2 letters, money-orders, cash and small par¬cels hangs3 from his shoulder.His duty is to deliver letters, parcels and pay money-orders to the persons to whom they may be addressee When the mail ar¬rives, the letters are handed over to him for delivery. He arranges them in order of the situation of the houses. He then goes from house to house and from shop to shop
delivering the dak.The postman's life is not an easy one. He has to walk about eight miles a day.

He has to do his duty in all weathers. He enjoys very few holidays.
His work requires5 that he must be strong, ac- live, punctual6, polite7, honest and able to read well.Everybody cannot be a postman. One has to aquire8 special
becoming a postman. A person of good health, and po¬lite manners alone can discharge the duties of a postman. He al¬ways wears a smile on his face. But despite all these, he has dark and black future. There are no chancesof promotion in his profes¬sion9. He passes his whole life in poverty and in public service. All this demands that we should hold him in high esteeml° and respect him for the burden' which he carries on his shoulders.His duty is very hard but his pay is very small. He can hard¬ly make both ends meet.He is a very useful person. He is a important part of the great system which enables people in all parts of the world to keep in touch with one another.

Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal was born at Sialkot on November 9, 1,877. His father, Sheikh Nur Muhammad, was,a mystic.
He received his early education aisa local ifigh School    and passed Intermediate Examination from Murree College. He went to Lahore for higher studies and joined the Government College. In I 899 he _obtained, his Master's ...Degree in Phijosoptix and joined fhe teaching staff of the Government College, Lahore. He served at
the G.C. for sometime.
In 1905, he left for Europe for higher studies in Philosophy and Law. He obtained his Ph. D. in Philosophy' from Germany. He was called to Bar in 1908, and he returned to India the same year.
When he came back, he started his legal practice, but his heart was not in it. Most of his time he devoted to poetryl, Philosophy and re¬ligion2. In fact, he had great sympathy for the Muslims of India. He wanted to help them. He started writing national poems. Through poetry, he gave a message to the whole nation. He awak¬ened3 the Muslims.
In 1930. Iqbal preside& over the Allahabad Session of the All India Muslim League. He gave here the idea of Pakistan. He as¬serted5 that the only solution of the problems of the Indian Mus¬lims was a separate Muslim State. This was the first demand for Pakistan. But he did not live to see the new state. He died in 1938. His death was a great loss for the Muslims. He was buried in La¬hore beside Badshahi Mosque. Every year Iqbal day is celebrated to pay him tribute.

Our great leader, the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in Karachi on the 25th of December 1876. He received his early education in a local school. Later on, he entered into a Missionary high school and passed the Entrance Examination. Next year he went to England and returned after four years as
Barrister-at-Law. In 1915, he loved and married  Ratan Bai, the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit. In 1947, he got Pakistan and worked as the first Governor-General. He worked day and night so hard that his health broke down. He died on 11th September 1948.
He is the greatest leader of this century. He devoted his life to the creation of Pakistan. First of all, he was the member of Indian National Congress. He worked for Hindu-Muslim unity. But later on, he joined the Muslim League. he worked day and night. In the 1946-47 general elections, the Muslim League won a large number of seats in the Provincial Assemblies. "Pakistan Resolution" was passed in 1940. After the, Second World War the British promised to leave the country. On 14th August, 1947, India was divided into two states India and Pakistan. It was a great success for Gem High School English Composition
Jinnah. Despite it, he was not proud. He stayed humble. Physically, the Quaid-e-Azam was a weak and thin person. His health was not good. But on the other hand he was a man of strong will. He had to face a large number of problems and hard
ships but he remained firm3 to his stand. The English and the Hindus could not succeed to win him over. He always showed strong will power at all occasions. He was as firm as a rock. He was a man of courage. He was also a brave man and
fearless leader. To get Pakistan he did not care for his broken health. He did not care for dangers to his life and opposition from
the Hindus and the English. He was ready to face all circumstances. he was not even afraid of death.
The Quaid-e-Azam was a very wise man. He had an independent judgement and opinion. He decided everything in the light
of reasons. He never allowed his passions4 to interfere into his affairs. His arguments against or in favour of a matter were very
clear and convincing. Through this great quality, he failed the Hindu intrigues and the English mind and succeeded in his mission. He got a separate homeland for the Muslims of Sub-continent.
Sincerity and devotion are essential virtues for success. Therefore Quaid-i-Azam was a sincere and devoted leader. He was upright and honest He never worked for  is personal gain or fame. He devoted all his time and energy to work for the achievement of Pakistan. He was always ready to serve others. Although his health was poor yet he worked hard for his nation. He liked his people and worked for them. The Quaid worked selflessly° for the Indian Muslims. After Pakistan was made, he continued to work hard for them until his death. He never stopped his work. He advised the whole nation to work. He said, "Work, work and work". He put the same thing into practice.
During the struggle for Pakistan, the Quaid-e-Azam had to make a lot of speeches. He impressed the audience because he was a very good pratpie. He delivered his speech very effectively. He discussed all the important aspects of the subject in his speech. When he spoke in the Constituent Assembly, the discussed its functions clearly and proved himself a very successful public speaker. There was a great awel° in his voice. Everybody listened to him attentively. Hard work is key to success. The Quaid-e-Azam knew it. He was a hardworking and industrious person. He was always ready to serve others. Although his health was poor yet he worked hard for his nation. He liked his people and worked for them. They too liked him much. Moreover he refused to take rest. He made long tours of India to awaken the Muslims. He had to solve all the problems but he never showed a sign of exhaustion". This quality of our great leader infused12 a new spirit in the Muslims. At last he succeeded to create a new homeland for the Muslims of India. Today we are enjoying freedom in an independent country. It is the result of effort of our great leader, the Quaid-e-Azam.

If two persons indulge in a dispute and cannot come to any agreement, they may ask some impartial third person to settle the question, both promising to abide by his decision. This is what is meant by "arbitration". Arbitration has often been tried, and with a good deal of success, as a method of settling disputes in the industrial world between employers and their workmen. Many disastrous strikes have been averted in this way, though strikes still occur. There is hope, however, that gradually arbitration will win its way, and strikes and lockouts become things of the past.
War is such a horrible way of settling disputes between nations that long ago arbitration was tried instead; and not without success. The first great case settled by international arbitration was what we called the Alabama case. This was a dispute between England and the United States about a privateer, called the Alabama, which almost brought the two countries into war with each other. Both countries, however, agreed to refer the case to an international, tribunal which met at Geneva in 1872. Both countries loyally accepted the decision of the tribunal, which went against England; and war was averted. Since then many arbitration treaties have been made between different countries, and many disputes settled in this way. But still wars have continued.
The Hague Conference in 1899, which was called at the suggestion of the Tzar of Russia, was an important step towards international arbitration. It appointed a permanent Arbitration Court called the Hague Tribunal. But it had two defects. One was that reference of disputes to the court was to be voluntary; the other was the Tribunal's lack of any power to enforce its decisions. Anyway, this scheme did not abolish war;. for, only fifteen years after it was established, the most awful war in history broke out.
The next step was the establishment after the Great War I of 1914 of the League of Nations. There were great hopes that it would make an end of war; and it did certainly prevent some minor conflicts. But it had the same weakness that stultified the Hague Tribunal, lack of' authority and force. Now the League, weakened by the defection of several great powers, is practically dead. But something like it is undoubtedly needed to save Europe from another world war, which might completely wreck modern civilization. War has become such a menace that the nations will have to find some way of abolishing it forever. The League of Nations became null and void due to its weakness. Its place was later taken by the U.N.O. after the Secona World War of 1939.
1. Arbitration in industrial disputes. 2. International Arbitration. (a) The Alabama Case (b) The Hague Tribunal. (c) The League of Nations. (d) The U.N.O.

Literature Is Not A Mere Science, To Be Studied; But An Art To Be Practised
"The word "literature" means, literally, letters; and we use the word "letters" itself in the sense of "literature" in the phrase, "a man of letters". Literature is the written word. But all that is written or printed is not literature; for the name of "literature" is given only to memorable thought finely and nobly expressed in words. It is good style that makes a piece of writing literature. In the sentence quoted above as the title, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch uses the word "literature" in the sense of writing. He tells that good literature is to be studied, but also that is to be practised as an art. That is, that we, if we have any gift of writing, should try to express our thoughts finely in words.
We may, thus, make literature. Writing is an art; and, just because it is an art, it has to be learnt. Every art has its own medium of expression, and its own rules. the sculptor works in stone and metal; the painter in line and colour; the musician in pure sound; and the writer in words. And, as those other artists must learn, and sedulously practise, their arts before they can adequately express themselves in statues, pictures and music, so must the would-be maker of literature, the writer.
We want to communicate our thoughts to the minds of others; and we can do it only by means of words. So we have to learn how to use words in such a way as to convey our meaning to others clearly, simply, directly, briefly and vigorously. From this point of view, style in writing is nothing but the skilful handling of words. As Cardinal Newman said, "Style is thinking out into words".
Good prose may be described as "the right words in the right order", for the handling of words in writing consists of the right choice of words, and the right arrangement of words. Choice implies thought and care something deliberate. A careful writer will choose his words, and will not be content till he finds the one word that will accurately and clearly express his thought. One secret of clear writing is clear thinking; the other secret is the careful choice of the words that will best express the thought. For the formation of a direct, simple, brief, vigorous and lucid style, these rules shopld be followed; Prefer the familiar word to the far-fetched; prefer the concrete word to the abstract; prefer the single word to the circumlocution; prefer the short word to the long.
To arrange right words; we should prefer short sentence to the long; prefer the simple construction to the elaborate; prefer the direct construction to the roundabout. To follow these rules is not easy, and it callls for much practice; for "the apparently simplest form of construction is by far the most difficult".
1. Meaning of literature. 2. Writing an art; its medium words, 3. Its object, communication; its method the handling of words. 4. The 'choice of words. 5. The arrangement of words.

History is "race-memory". Just as a man's memory links his past life to the present, so the history of a nation is its memory of its past. How could we live as individuals without memory? There have been strange cases of complete loss of memory. A man has suddenly forgotten his name and who he is. His past life has become an absolute blank to him. In such a case, a man has to begin life all over again. He really loses his identity, and has to learn to be another person. In the same way, if a nation knows nothing of its history, it has lost its "nation-memory", and so its identity. It is practically a new nation, with all to learn. And if we know nothing of the history of our country, we cannot have the true feeling of nationhood; for we cannot enter into its traditions, its national feelings and ambitions. A knowledge of its history gives us the key to the spirit of our nation.
The present has grown out of the past, as the flower has developed from the seed. We cannot understand properly our present national cust,oms, thoughts and ideals and our present institutions, if we do not know how these things have come to be what they are. The British Parliament, for example, has at the back of it a history of six centuries •of gradual development. No one can hope fully to understand the peculiarly British system of "government by free discussion", which has become the model of all democratic countries, without a knowledge of that long history. And in all national matters, it is the history of the past that explains the present.
Moreover, the future will grow out of the present, as the present has grown out the past. What we shall be and do as a nation depends on what we are and do now; and that has resulted from what we were and did in the past. So statesmen must know the history of their country, so as to be able to save their nation committing again the mistakes of the past, and guide it on right lines for the future.
These are the chief uses of history. But, in addition, the study of history can give us much pleasure and instruction. There is much in the annals of any country which is as interesting and romantic anything in novels and words of fiction. A stud) of history, moreover, broadens the mind, enlarges the sympathies and quickens the imagination. As we read of the great deeds done by our forefathers, and the achievements of other nations, our mind becomes peopled with many noble and great figures. We come to feel a deeper interest, not only in our own people, but in all nitnkind. We understand the noble words of the Roman poet: "I am a man, and nothing human is foreign to me".
1. History is race-memory. 2. It records how the present has grown out of the past. 3. It is a guide to the future, which will grow out of the present. 4. The study of history gives pleasure, and broadens the mind.

Experience, as everybody knows, is the best teacher. Its main aim is to teach us how to live. No one can teach us this as well as it can. It is a stern schoolmistress. It sets us hard lessons, punishes severely who are inattentive and stupid, and charges very high fees. But what it teaches, it teaches in a way as through as possible. We never forget its lessons. The worst of it is that we sometimes learn its lessons too late. The man who breaks all the rules of health in his youth by self-indulgence and vice, learns at last, when his health is wrecked for life, the right way of living; but too late to be of any use to him.
It may be that we should be glad to learn how to live well from the experience of our fathers, as recorded in books, or as taught by the advice of our elders. But somehow many young people do hot. They scoff at warnings and advice, and go their own way. Yoii may warn a child against playing with matches; but he does not believe you, until he scorches his hands. After that "the burnt child dreads the fire". You may tell a boy not to meddle with stray dogs; but he turns a deaf ear till he gets a nasty bite from one. After that "once bitted, twice shy". He has to learn from experience; and its lessons he is not apt to forget.
In the same way older people have to learn for themselves, often by bitter experience, such old truths as, "Honesty is the best policy", "All is not gold that glitters", ."A rolling stone gathers no moss", "Etc who touches pitch is defiled", "No pains, no gains", "Waste not, want not", "Cut your coat according to your cloth", "A fool and his money are soon parted", "Look before you leap", and "The way of transgressors is hard". In such old proverbs much wisdom gained by experience has been stored. It is by suffering we learn patience; by facing danger we learn courage; by sorrow we learn sympathy; by mistakes we learn wisdom.
But all its lessons are not unpleasant. Whether they are pleasant or unpleasant depends on ourselves. For we can just as easily learn from experience that honesty pays in the long run, as that dishonesty does not; that temperance maintains health, as that excess ruins body and soul; that kindness to others brings us joy, as that selfishness breeds unhappiness; and that hard work brings success, as that idleness means failure.
In short, experience shapes us what we are. It is on what our success in life depends.
Outline: 1. Experience teaches how to live. 2. We learn by experience. (a) Young people, (b) and older people. 3. It is we who make the lessons of experience pleasant or unpleasant.

Urdu is a most important language. Urdu is 3rd largest language in the world.History of Urdu Literature can best explained by Dr. Ausaf Sayeed. He provides an exhaustive history of Urdu poetry and literature Urdu writing in its various primitive forms can be traced to Muhammad Urfi (Tadhkirah -1228 AD), Amir Khusro (1259-1325 AD) and Khwaja Muhammad Husaini (1318-1422 AD). As Urdu started flourishing in the kingdoms of Golconda and Bijapur, the earliest writings in Urdu are in the Dakhni (Deccani) dialect. The Sufi saints were the earliest promoters of the Dakhni Urdu. The Sufi-saint Hazrat Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz is considered to be the first prose writer of Dakhni Urdu and some treatises like Merajul Ashiqin and Tilawatul Wajud are attributed to him but his authorship is open to doubt. The first literary work in Urdu is that of Bidar poet Fakhruddin Nizami's mathnavi 'Kadam Rao Padam Rao' written between 1421 and 1434 A.D. Kamal Khan Rustami (Khawar Nama) and Nusrati (Gulshan-e-Ishq, Ali Nama and Tarikh-e-Iskandari) were two great poets of Bijapur. Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah, the greatest of Golconda Kings who was a distinguished poet, is credited with introducing a secular content to otherwise predominantly religious Urdu poetry. His poetry focused on love, nature and social life of the day. Among the other important writers of Dakhni Urdu were Shah Miranji Shamsul Ushaq (Khush Nama and Khush Naghz), Shah Burhanuddin Janam, Mullah Wajhi (Qutb Mushtari and Sabras), Ghawasi (Saiful Mulook-O- Badi-Ul-Jamal and Tuti Nama), Ibn-e-Nishati (Phul Ban) and Tabai (Bhahram-O-Guldandam). Wajhi's Sabras is considered to be a masterpiece of great literary and philosophical merit. Vali Mohammed or Vali Dakhni (Diwan) was one of the most prolific Dakhni poets of the medieval period. He developed the form of the ghazal. When his Diwan (Collection of Ghazals and other poetic genres) reached philosophical, the poets of Delhi who were engaged in composing poetry in Persian language, were much impressed and they also started writing poetry in Urdu, which they named Rekhta. The medieval Urdu poetry grew under the shadow of Persian poetry. Unlike the Hindi poetry, which grew out of the Indian soil, Urdu poetry was initially fed with Persian words and imagery. Sirajuddin Ali Khan Arzu and Shaikh Sadullah Gulshan were the earliest promoters of Urdu language in North India. By the beginning of the 18th century, a more sophisticated North Indian variation of the Urdu language began to evolve through the writings of Shaikh Zahooruddin Hatim (1699-1781 AD), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janan (1699-1781 AD) Khwaja Mir Dard (1719- 1785 AD), Mir Taqi Mir (1722-1810 AD), Mir Hasan (1727- 1786 AD) and Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-1780 AD). Sauda has been described as the foremost satirist of Urdu literature during the 18th Century. His Shahr Ashob and Qasida Tazheek-e-Rozgar are considered as masterpieces of Urdu literature. Mir Hassan's mathnavi Sihr-ul- Bayan and Mir Taqi Mir's mathnavies provided a distinct Indian touch to the language. Mir's works, apart from his six Diwans, include Nikat-ush-Shora (Tazkira) and Zikr-se-Mir (Autobiography). Shaik Ghulam Hamdani Mushafi (1750-1824), Insha Allah Khan (Darya-e- Latafat and Rani Ketaki), Khwaja Haider Ali Atish, Daya Shankar Naseem (mathnavi: Gulzare-e-Naseem), Nawab Mirza Shauq (Bahr-e-Ishq, Zahr-e-Ishq and Lazzat-e-Ishq) and Shaik Imam Bakhsh Nasikh were the early poets of Lucknow. Mir Babar Ali Anees (1802-1874) excelled in the art of writing marsiyas. The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was a poet with unique style, typified by difficult rhymes, excessive word play and use of idiomatic language. He has authored four voluminous Diwans. Before the national uprising of 1857, the reign of Bahadur Shah Zafar witnessed the luxurious spring of Urdu poetry immediately followed by the chilly winds of autumn. Shaik Ibrahim Zauq was the Shah's mentor in poetry. Next to Sauda he is considered to be the most outstanding composer of qasidas (panegyrics). Hakim Momin Khan Momin wrote ghazals in a style peculiar to him. He used ghazal exclusively for expressing emotions of love. Any description of Urdu literature can never be complete without the mention of Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib (1797-1869), who is considered as the greatest of all the Urdu poets. With his passion for originality, Ghalib brought in a renaissance in Urdu poetry. In the post - Ghalib period, Dagh (b. 1831) emerged as a distinct poet, whose poetry was distinguished by its purity of idiom and simplicity of language and thought. Modern Urdu literature covers the time from the last quarter of the 19th century to the present day and can be divided into two periods: the period of the Aligarh Movement started by Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan and the period influenced by Sir Mohammed Iqbal followed by the Progressive Movement and movements of Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zouq, Modernism and Post modernism. However, Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914) is the actual innovator of the modern spirit in Urdu poetry. Hali's works include Diwan-e-Hali, Madd-o-Jazr-e-Islam or Musaddas-e-Hali (1879), Shakwa-e-Hind (1887), Munajat-e-Beva (1886) and Chup ki Dad (1905). Hali showered the art of writing biographies with a critical approach in his biographies Hayat-e-Sadi and Hayat-e-Jaweed. Hali was the pioneer of modern criticism. His Muqaddama-e-Sher-o-Shaeri is the foundation stone of Urdu criticism. Shibli Nomani (b.1857) is considered as the father of modern history in Urdu. He has produced several works based on historical research, especially on Islamic history, like Seerat-un- Noman (1892) and Al Faruq (1899). Shibli also produced important works like Swanih Umari Moulana Rum, Ilmul Kalam (1903), Muvazina-e- Anis-o-Dabir (1907) and Sher-ul-Ajam (1899). Mohammed Hussain Azad was an important writer and poet of this period. He laid the foundation of modern poem in Urdu. Ab-e-Hayat, Sukhandan-e-Pars, Darbar-e-Akbari and Nazm-e-Azad are some of his outstanding literary works. Other leading poets of modern period include Syyid Akbar Husain Akbar Allahabadi (1846-1921), who had a flair for extempore composition of satiric and comic verses, Khushi Mohammed Nazir (1872-1944), who composed Jogi and Pani Mein, Mohammed Iqbal (1873-1938), Durga Sahai Suroor (d.1910), Mohammed Ali Jauhar (d.1931) and Hasrat Mohani (d.1951). Iqbal's poetry underwent several phases of evolution from Romanticism ('Nala-e-Yateem' and 'Abr-e-Guhar Bar') to Indian Nationalism ('Tasvir-e-Dard', 'Naya Shivala' and 'Tarana-e-Hindi') and finally to Pan-Islamism ('Shakva', 'Sham-o-Shair', 'Jawab-e-Shakva', 'Khizr- e-Rah' and 'Tulu-e-Islam'). Fani Badayuni (1879-1941), Shad Azimabadi (1846-1927), Yagana Changezi (1884-1956), Asghar Gondavi (1884-1936), Jigar Moradabadi (1896-1982), Akhtar Shirani, Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1912- 1985), Miraji (1912-1950), N.M.Rashid (1910-1976), Akhtarul-Iman (b.1915), Ali Sardar Jafri (b.1913), Makhdoom Mohiuddin (1908 -1969), Kaifi Azmi (b.1918), Jan Nisar Akhtar (1914-1979), Sahir Ludhianvi (1922-1980), Majrooh Sultanpuri (1919-2000), Asrarul Haq Majaz (1911- 1955), Nasir Kazmi, Ibn-e-Insha and Dr Kalim Ajiz have taken the Urdu poetry to new heights. A new generation of poets emerged around the sixth decade of twentieth century. The leading poets of this generation include Khaleelur Rahman Aazmi, Himyat Ali Shair, Balraj Komal, Ameeq Hanafi, Kumar Pashi, Makhmoor Saidi, Mazhar Imam, Dr Mughni Tabassum, Bani, Munir Niyazi, Suleman Areeb, Aziz Qaisi, Saqi Faruqi, Iftekhar Arif, Saleem Ahmed, Qazi Saleem, Shafiq Fatima Shera, Bashar Nawaz, Akbar Hyderabadi, Waheed Akhter, Shaz Tamkanat, Zubair Razvi, Muztar Majaz, Mushaf Iqbal Tausifi, Zohra Nigah, Kishwar Naheed, Zahida Zaidi, Siddiqua Shabnam and others. The short story in Urdu began with Munshi Premchand's Soz-e-Vatan (1908). Premchand's short stories cover nearly a dozen volumes including Prem Pachisi, Prem Battisi, Prem Chalisi, Zad-e-Rah, Vardaat, Akhri Tuhfa and Khak-e-Parvana. Mohammed Hussan Askari and Khwaja Ahmed Abbas are counted among the leading lights of the Urdu Short story. The Progressive Movement in Urdu fiction gained momentum under Sajjad Zaheer (1905-1976), Ahmed Ali (1912-1994), Mahmood-uz- Zafar (1908-1994) and Rasheed Jahan (1905-1952). Urdu writers like Rajender Singh Bedi and Krishn Chander (1914-1977) showed commitment to the Marxist philosophy in their writings. Krishn Chander's 'Adhe Ghante Ka Khuda' is one of the most memorable stories in Urdu literature. His other renowned short stories include 'Zindagi Ke Mor Par', 'Kalu Bhangi' and 'Mahalaxmi Ka Pul'. Bedi's Garm 'Kot' and 'Lajvanti' are among the masterpieces of Urdu short story. Bedi's important works include collections of short stories, Dana-o-Daam Girhen, Kokh Jali and Apne Dukh Mujhe Dedo etc., collection of plays 'Saat Khel' and a novel Ek Chadar Maili Si (1972). Manto, Ismat Chughtai and Mumtaz Mufti form a different brand of Urdu writers who concentrated on the "psychological story" in contrast to the "sociological story" of Bedi and Krishn Chander. Some of Ismat Chughtai's leading short stories are 'Chauthi Ka Jora', 'Do Hath', 'Lehren' and 'Lihaf'. Manto dealt in an artistic way with many unconventional subjects, like sex, which were considered taboo by the Middle-class. His 'Thanda Gosht', which dealt with the subject of necrophilia, shocked the readers. Another of Manto's praise-worthy works was 'Khol Do', which tackled the horrors of partition. Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (b.1915) is another leading name in Urdu short story. His important short stories include 'Alhamd-o- Lillah', 'Savab', 'Nasib' and others. In the post-1936 period, the writers belonging to the Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zauq produced several good stories in Urdu. Upender Nath Ashk (Dachi), Ghulam Abbas (Anandi). Intezar Hussain, Anwar Sajjad, Balraj Mainra, Surender Parkash and Qurratul- ain Haider (Sitaroun Se Aage, Mere Sanam Khane) are the other leading lights of Urdu short story. Several leading fiction writers emerged from the city of Hyderabad in the contemporary times, which include Jeelani Bano, Iqbal Mateen, Awaz Sayeed, Kadeer Zaman, Mazhr-uz-Zaman and others. Novel writing in Urdu can be traced to Nazir Ahmed (1836-1912) who composed several novels like Mirat-ul-Urus (1869), Banat-un-Nash (1873), Taubat-un-Nasuh (1877), Fasana-e-Mubtala (1885), Ibn-ul-Waqt (1888), Ayama (1891) and others. Pandit Ratan Nath Sarshar's (1845-1903) Fasana-e-Azad, Abdul Halim Sharar (1860-1920)'s Badr-un- Nisa Ki Musibat and Agha Sadiq ki Shadi, Mirza Muhammed Hadi Ruswa's Umrao Jan Ada (1899) are some of the great novels and novelettes written during the period. Niaz Fatehpuri (1887-1966) and Qazi Abdul Gaffar (1862-1956) were the other eminent early romantic novelists in the language. However, it was Premchand (1880-1936) who tried to introduce the trend of realism in Urdu novel. Premchand was a prolific writer who produced several books. His important novels include Bazare-e-Husn (1917), Gosha-e-Afiat, Chaugan-e-Hasti, Maidan- e-Amal and Godan. Premchand's realism was further strengthened by the writers of the Indian Progressive Writers' Association like Sajjad Zaheer, Krishn Chander and Ismat Chughtai. Krishn Chander's Jab Khet Jage (1952), Ek Gadhe Ki Sarguzasht (1957) and Shikast are considered among the outstanding novels in Urdu literature. Ismat Chughtai's novel Terhi Lakir (1947) and Qurratul-ain Haider's novel Aag Ka Darya are considered as important works in the history of Urdu novel. Khwaja Ahmed Abbas, Aziz Ahmed, Balwant Singh, Khadija Mastur, Intezar Hussain are the other important writers in Urdu in the contemporary times. Urdu was not confined to only the Muslim writers. Several writers from other religions also wrote in Urdu. Prominent among them are Munshi Premchand, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Pandit Ratan Nath Sarshar (Fasana- e-Azad) and Brij Narain Chakbast (1882 - 1926), who composed Subh-e- Watan and Tilok Chand Mahrum (1887-1966), who composed Andhi and Utra Hua Darya, Krishn Chander, Rajindar Singh Bedi, Kanhaiyalal Kapur, Upendar Nath Ashk, Jagan Nath Azad, Jogender Pal, Balraj Komal and Kumar Pashi. Akbar Allahabadi (1846-1921) was the pioneer among the Urdu humorists and satirists. Majeed Lahori, Mehdi Ali Khan, Patras Bokhari (1898- 1958), Mirza Farhatullah Beg, Shafiq-ur-Rahman, Azim Baig Chughtai, Ibn-e-Insha, Mushfiq Khwaja, Mushtaq Ahmed Yousifi, K.L.Kapur, Amjad Hussain, Mujtaba Hussain, Himayatullah and Talib Khundmeri are the other leading names in the field of humour. Prof. Hafiz Mohammed Sheerani (1888-1945) devoted long years to the field of literary criticism. Others in this field include Shaikh Mohammed Ikram (1907-1976), Sayyid Ihtesham Hussain (1912 - 1976), Mohammed Hasan Askari, Ale-Ahmed Suroor, Mumtaz Husain, Masud Husain, Shams-ur-Rahman Faruqi, Gopichand Narang, Mughni Tabassum (b.1930) and others. Farhang-e-Asifya is the first Urdu dictionary based on principles of the modern lexicography, which was produced by Maulana Sayyid Ahmed Dehlvi (1846-1920) in 1892

By Wafa Akber Awan and Shah Dil Awan
Our dear readers how are all of you?
Today we are starting another different topic Okay
Anyone can become angry that is easy but to be angry with the right person to the right degree at the right time in the right purpose and in the right way is not easy.
So readers today our topic is very emotional and we want to point out that what is cause and then your attitude and result of this attitude? ? ? ?
Anyway we come to the point without more exaggeration.
Lines which we quoted at the very out we hope that will clear more to all of you
Some time we hurt by the words and attitude of our fellow beings and some of us tell other person that he or she is hurt by that words and that reason.
Bu some of us don't tell other just disconnected silently as something struck off and go away and stolen.
Never we are not in favor of 2nd attitude in our opinion when you are getting angry you must have to tell reason of your angry to other person and without telling reason you can' t feel satisfaction
And relation starts loosing and a stage come when it became ego problem and this become decision making stage so never let your relation on this stage.
Sometime we are in trust that next or other person will come and will talk to us. Console us and at that time we have a lot of and high expectations and we deeply absorbed in our expectations and we are not in a position to understand problems of others and when we come to know about that problems we often says these are lame excuse and now we don't know but we are hurting others by our words.
So expectations always hurt when convert into disappointments will become cause of your sadness or anxiety.
So trust limited because more you trusts more you hurt. In our view there is another aspect related to our article as when someone stops getting angry on you it is clear that you have lost your importance from their life.
Anyway trust in relation make strong to strongest your relation and good relation are just like water no color no shape no place no taste but still very important for life.
And we want to say you that please try to understand the nature and requirements of relations and you will feel that complexities in relations are being solved
If you really want to see stable your relations give them attention, care and respect no one like more then And relation have not cost we can't and can never pay of relation and when due to disease of angry such valuable assets go away we then feel their importance.
As relation is not business where we give and get. A beautiful feeling of someone will like to give you without expecting anything in return.
Angry is a disease and care is chemotherapy of such disease when a person is angry with you there is always a reason if he or she want to disburden his or her heart you must have ability to listen or help that person because if a person who is in love and care you from the core of heart if he or she rebuked you and loudly shrike on you for a moment and disburden his or her burden and you listen and bear such moments and your tolerance of few minutes can save your Beloved relations and some time it is better to bow then break. Okay
If someone angry with you and after that what are feelings of you and such feelings can't deliver to other person without words.
And bareness and tolerance will give you place in the heart of others.
So we bored a lot all of you a lot we are sorry for that
But at the end we must have to say
"if to become angry is your right then try to make happy and agree must be your right"
May all of you flourish more. . . .
By: Wafa Akber Awan  & Shah dil awan.
Take care Rab bless all of you

By: Shah Dil Awan

Love does not seek to dominate it only seeks to surrender.

* Love does not required reward. It needs only pure spirit pure feelings and sincerity and it not materialistic.

* Love is a spiritual coupling of two souls.

* Love is not love until it expresses itself in action another name for love according to me is sincerity care purity service and sacrifice and love is combination of all these.

* Love gives and gives, gives and gives and seeks no return that’s why I think love has nothing to lose & consequently nothing to fear.

* Love never dies of saturation but often of indigestion.

* Let those love now who never loved before let those that always loved now love the more

And make this world more beautiful.

It is better to have loved and lost then not to love at all.

Sometime in love you are in trust to someone beyond the limits but a stage come when ego snatch all charm of love and you face defeat in love so ego should never have place when love grow.
*trust is father of love expectation is mother.
You know when parents die love which is child remain orphan.so never try to hurt love’s parents.
Love’s all charm is due to its parents.
*in love of land it is barren when water of tears seeds of care is not there and it will remain barren if you don’t care and sincere. Never try to barren such land but fertile it with care sincerity.
Actor the gateway of my heart I wrote “no through road" but love came laughing by and cried”

Remember Me
when you enjoy spring
remember me
when flowers blooms
when birds chirp
and
take away gloom
remember me
when there is thunder
and
lightning come again & again
when colorful rainbow capture the sky
your memories will capture my heart
when everything will turns gay & bright
remember me
when ground turns into white & cold wind chills
i am saying remember me
when you feel tense
when everything turn into cold
when everything turn into lifeless
and
suiting by fireside
and
share your worries
just chill and
forget your worries
make beautiful your memories
don,t forget me where dark and bright black and white
come with you
just remember me
poem written by. . . . . . . . .
i will wait of your comments with anxiously.

Means absence of employment.when persons are out of work they are called unemployed.it is an
economic term.many developed countries like France and England facing these problems.it is a
widely readable topic and can be write more about it so situation in Pakistan is more
alarming,and increasing day by day.there are controversial opinion about unemployment.we can
observe it in socially as well economically or politically sense.unemployment is a social evil
and of far_reaching consequences.it spells starvation,disease,and death on its victims.they have
no education no culture nor concern for evil or good right or wrong.in a country where
population is unemployed on a large scale dishonesty,corruption ,crimes,sin and vices Equally
destroyed.as unemployed persons resort to negative means to get wealth.they may involve
themselves in murdering innocent people for the sake of all kind can be prevail so easily.when i
see unemployment in sense of politically i observed personally unemployment breeds discontent i am
people.revolutions and mob violence are the result of unemployment.votes are bought and
sold.merit is not observed.our economy society and politically structure
Equally destroyed.as unemployed persons resort to negative means to get wealth.they may involve
themselves in murdering innocent people for the sake of few rupees .they play in the hands of
narcotic traffickers,smuggler and professional terrorists.thus they cause horror and chaos in
society.there are many cause of unemployment .the outlook of our youth towards selection of
profession is not realistic.they want white color jobs and high social status in
society.officers and bureaucratic post only they want to get and in other countries people proud
of being a plumber and that's is why they increasing their progress day by day.in Oder to cope
with this problems of unemployment govt is taking some step but they are insufficient system of
education should be modernized keeping in view the requirements of present age.technical and
professional education should be imparted to our boys and girls so
so they may start their own business privately.network of industries should be extended to the
rural areas so that the jobless persons maybe  absorbed in them,population must be control and
money should not be allow to concentrate.in a few hands agriculture products should be
increased.in my view continuous efforts are required to get rid of this problems.i try my best
to discuss completely on this article.i hope u will comments on it.
Regards
Shah Dil Awan Islamabad

Link building is basic thing in search engine optimization of any good website. Link building is the art of search engine optimization and very much critical and difficult to get specially when Google is making very strict policies and make changes immediately. link building service There are very important to check that when we are going to interchange are link building start with same nature of websites. Like social website link exchange with social never change with business or affiliate type of website. And Google also dislike black hat technics in link building or seo search engine optimization.There are three basics of link building.
1. "Natural" Editorial Links
2. Manual "Outreach" Link Building
3. Self-Created, Non-Editorial

Means to expose follies,foibles and contradiction of others but does not mean to castigate
others but in such a way as others laugh at themselves only in this attitude you can fulfill
your purpose or serve your purpose.such topic is very common as when we deal with our
fellow being in daily life sometime we may not recognize ourselves and just tease others but
does not considered that our words hurts others and bring tears in eyes of others.so we should
very careful in this matter.foremost and basic task is that we think we are ideal and others
are not perfect as we are and we should be very careful even in our humor as we make fun of
others. But!
we forget as a human being we also have many contradictions and follies and sometime our
follies come to explore by others.It is a widely topic and we can write more beyond the limits because it deals with our life
in reality.i suggest all of you as a writer that when we satire others  we should do our job
in such a way  that victim of our satire  may not hate herself or himself or others but our
aim is to make aware about the follies or imperfection so our aim never castigate but
correction in a light way that we and others both sectors may successful.
at the end i would like  to say and suggest that always be careful about the feelings of others when we engage ourselves in satire
in my nation hero ,Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi..And Shah Dil Awan wrote satire when we read these writers we come to know that they enable us to laugh as well make aware us

A Friend & A Fan 11 Years Without Aaliyah Reflect on An Angel
There are few times in life when you come across someone and know instantly that you are in the presence of greatness. Aaliyah was just that. A genuine, sweet, unpretentious spirit that drew me to her from our first meeting. Her warmth & infectious smile made those around her feel as if they’d known her forever. She needed no particular reason or benefit for being nice to me or others. She just was. Aaliyah was approachable & relatable yet, maintained a mystique that made her that much more intriguing. When we’d go out, fans would swarm. She’d excuse herself, take pictures, never refuse an autograph, answer questions & without missing a beat; pick up where our conversation left off. As we’d walk away, she’d sometimes mention to me how beautiful a fan was or how moved she was by something they’d said.
[Aaliyah Dana Houghton (January 16, 1979 – August 25, 2001)]
During my lifetime, I’ve encountered some of the biggest celebrity’s in the world from performing at the Grammy’s with Mariah Carey to regularly working out with Princess Diana in Chelsea Harbor. I’ve seen the “effect” fame has had on many. Aaliyah was NOT changed by her celebrity. She understood & appreciated success & all that came with it; while not allowing it to turn her into someone she wasn’t.

Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi & Allama Yousuf Jibreil Two Personalities From Soon Valley Khushab
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi was born in village named “Anga” Valley Soan Sakaser , Khoshab on 20 November, 1916. Allam Muhammad Yousuf Gabriel was born in Village Khabakki, Valley Soan Sakaser Khoshab on 17th February, 1917. Allama Muhammad Yousuf Gabriel attended Naushera High School upto ninth Class and then left the School and he never went in any school, college or university again. Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi was great poet and renowned Novelist of Pakistan but Allama Muhammad Yousuf Gabriel has a very different line of study, particular nuclear science, Poetry, Arts, Sciences, Philosophies, Medicine, Tibb, Homeopathic, Sunyas (Botany) and wrote nearly forty books on these topics. You can read all the books on website www.oqasa.org. Dr. Tassadaq Hussain has written a book {{ Hayat o Khidmat Allama Muhammad Yousuf Gabriel}}. (Life history of Allama Muhammad Yousuf Gabriel and his achievements).
In this book you can read the history and culture of Awans and Valley Soan Sakaser Khoshab .It is a comprehensive study of life of Allama Muhammad Yousuf Gabriel .This book will be pasted on website in near future. Awan Journals will also be pasted on this website. Other related books will also be pasted on another website www.awans.com.pk I hope you will study the books and will send us comments
Shah Dil Awan
www.awans.com.pk